Who is the father of EQ and the father of AQ?

• A. Howard Gardner and Jean Piaget
• B. Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung
• C. Daniel Goleman and Paul Stoltz
• D. No one; there are no fathers

Answer: (C)

This item tests knowing who is widely associated with two specific ideas: emotional intelligence (EQ) and adversity quotient (AQ). Emotional intelligence refers to recognizing, understanding, and managing one’s own emotions as well as the emotions of others, a concept that Daniel Goleman popularized through his writing and work on leadership and social-emotional skills. Adversity quotient measures how effectively a person can cope with and rebound from difficulties; Paul Stoltz developed and promoted AQ in the 1990s, outlining a framework that highlights how people respond to challenges. Because of these associations, the pair linked to both concepts is Daniel Goleman and Paul Stoltz. The other figures mentioned are well known for different theories—developmental psychology, psychoanalysis, or general intelligence theories—and are not the primary sources for EQ and AQ.