Education must be flexible. Child-centered curriculum.

• A. Progressivism
• B. Existentialism
• C. Perennialism
• D. Reconstructionism

Answer: (A)

Progressive education emphasizes learning by doing and centers on the learner’s interests and real-world problems. In this view, the curriculum is flexible and shaped by students’ questions, experiences, and collaboration, with teachers acting as guides who facilitate inquiry, hands-on projects, and problem-solving. A child-centered, adaptable curriculum fits this approach because it prioritizes learner agency, ongoing adjustment to what students need to explore next, and learning that emerges from active engagement rather than rigid adherence to a fixed set of topics. The other philosophies differ in focus: existentialism centers on individual meaning and choice, often without prescribing a systematic, child-led curriculum; perennialism emphasizes universal, enduring truths in a more fixed, teacher-directed structure; reconstructionism stresses social reform and collective action, which can influence aims but does not inherently define a flexible, student-centered curriculum.